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4.1. The Linux OS

Topics covered in this section include:

Section 4.1.1 Getting Started
Section 4.1.2 Switching from Other Operating Systems
Section 4.1.3 Distributions
Section 4.1.4 Installation
Section 4.1.5 Kernel
Section 4.1.6 Boot Loaders and Booting the OS
Section 4.1.7 Parallel Processing
Section 4.1.8 Partitions and Filesystems
Section 4.1.9 RAID
Section 4.1.10 Printing
Section 4.1.11 Shell
Section 4.1.12 Using Linux

4.1.1. Getting Started

  • INFO-SHEET, Linux Information Sheet

    Updated: September 1998. Provides basic information about the Linux operating system, including an explanation of Linux, a list of features, some requirements, and some resources.

  • Unix-and-Internet-Fundamentals-HOWTO, The Unix and Internet Fundamentals HOWTO

    Updated: May 2001. Describes the working basics of PC-class computers, Unix-like operating systems, and the Internet in non-technical language.

4.1.2. Switching from Other Operating Systems

  • DOSEMU-HOWTO, The dosemu HOWTO

    Updated: March 1997. DOSEMU stands for DOS Emulation, and is an application that enables the Linux OS to run many DOS programs.

  • DOS-Win-to-Linux-HOWTO, From DOS/Windows to Linux HOWTO

    Updated: August 1999. Written for all the DOS and Windows users who have decided to switch to Linux.

  • Linux+Windows-HOWTO, Linux + Windows HOWTO

    Updated: November 1999. Aimed at assisting those who wish to use the features of both Linux and Windows on the same host.

  • VMS-to-Linux-HOWTO, From VMS to Linux HOWTO

    Updated: September 1999. Aimed at all those who have been using VMS and now need or want to switch to Linux.

4.1.3. Distributions

  • The Linux Distribution HOWTO

    Updated: June 2000. Intended to help new users choose a Linux distribution, and to help experienced users track the state of the Linux market.

    This HOWTO has been removed at the request of the author. A new Distribution HOWTO is in the process of being developed.

    Further information on Linux Distributions can be found on the Linux Weekly News (LWN) site: Distributions section.

  • Linux From Scratch HOWTO

    Updated: September 2000. Describes the process of creating your own Linux system from scratch from an already installed Linux distribution, using nothing but the source code of software that we need.

    Replaced by the Linux From Scratch book.

4.1.4. Installation

  • Pre-Installation-Checklist, Linux pre-installation checklist

    Updated: November 2000. An aide-memoire which may make installation of Linux a pleasant experience for you.

  • Installation-HOWTO, The Linux Installation HOWTO

    Updated: February 2001. How to obtain and install Linux software. It is the first document which a new Linux user should read to get started.

  • Compaq-Remote-Insight-Board-HOWTO, HOWTO Use a Compaq Remote Insight Lights Out Edition for a Headless, Remote Linux Installation

    Updated: October 2000. Describes the installation of Linux on a headless Compaq ProLiant server with a Compaq Remote Insight Lights-Out Edition card without physical access to the system.

  • Install-From-ZIP, Linux Install From PPA-Zip drive mini-HOWTO

    Updated: April 1998. How to install Linux from a parallel port zip drive using the Slackware Linux distribution.

  • Install-Strategies, Linux Installation Strategies

    Updated: May 2001. Discusses a few installation strategies for those who intend to dual-boot between Windows and Linux.

  • KickStart-HOWTO, RedHat Linux KickStart HOWTO

    Updated: January 1999. Briefly describes how to use the RedHat Linux KickStart system to rapidly install large numbers of identical Linux boxes.

  • Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2, The Linux-DOS-Win95-OS2 mini-HOWTO

    Updated: November 1997. Presents a procedure to make 4 operating systems co-exist on a single hard disk.

  • Linux+FreeBSD, The Linux+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO

    Updated: March 2000. How to use Linux and FreeBSD on the same system.

  • Linux+Solaris, Linux+Solaris mini-HOWTO

    Updated: April 2000. Describes how to use Solaris and Linux together on one machine. It addresses common questions like multibooting and file-sharing.

  • Linux+Win95, Linux + Windows 95 mini-HOWTO

    Updated: April 2001. Details how to install Linux on a machine that currently runs Windows 95.

  • Linux+WinNT, Linux+WindowsNT mini-HOWTO

    Updated: May 2001. Covers some ways on how to install both Linux and Windows NT on the same computer and how to boot either of them from within LILO menu.

  • PLIP, LINUX PLIP mini-HOWTO

    Updated: March 1998. Will hopefully let you build and use a Parallel Line Interface Protocol.

  • RedHat-CD-HOWTO, Burning a RedHat CD HOWTO

    Updated: March 2000. How to make your own CDs from the Red Hat Linux distribution equivalent to the ones commercially available from Red Hat.

  • Saving-Space, Saving Space mini-HOWTO

    Updated: April 1999. Directions for squeezing your Linux installation into the least possible space. Particularly aimed at notebook users.

  • Small-Memory, Small Memory Mini-HOWTO

    Updated: December 2000. How to run Linux on a system with a small amount of memory.

  • Swap-Space, Linux Swap Space Mini-HOWTO

    Updated: January 2000. How to share your Linux swap partition with Windows.

  • Upgrade, Upgrading Your linux Distribution mini-HOWTO

    Updated: June 1996. Hints and tips on upgrading from one linux distribution to another.

4.1.5. Kernel

  • BogoMips, BogoMips mini-HOWTO

    Updated: April 2001. Some information about BogoMips, compiled from various sources.

  • BootPrompt-HOWTO, The Linux BootPrompt HOWTO

    Updated: May 1999. A compilation of all the possible boot time arguments that can be passed to the Linux kernel at boot time. Includes all kernel and device parameters.

  • Kernel-HOWTO, The Linux Kernel HOWTO

    Updated: May 2001. A detailed guide to kernel configuration, compilation, upgrades, and troubleshooting for ix86-based systems.

  • Kerneld, The Linux kerneld mini-HOWTO

    Updated: May 2000. Explains how you can use the kerneld function in the Linux kernels.

  • Modules, Linux Modules Installation mini-HOWTO

    Updated: n/a How to successfully set up Linux with modules configured and working.

  • Process-Monitor-HOWTO, Process Monitor HOWTO for Linux

    Updated: May 2001. How to monitor Linux/Unix processes and to re-start them automatically if they die (without any manual intervention).

  • Process-Accounting, Enabling Process Accounting on Linux

    Updated: February 2001. Describes the basics of enabling process accounting on Linux.

4.1.6. Boot Loaders and Booting the OS

  • Bootdisk-HOWTO, The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO

    Updated: May 2001. How to design and build your own boot/root diskettes for Linux.

  • From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO, From Power Up To Bash Prompt

    Updated: November 2000. A brief description of what happens in a Linux system from the time that you turn on the power, to the time that you log in and get a bash prompt.

  • LILO, Lilo mini-HOWTO

    Updated: May 2001. Lilo (LILO) is the most used Linux Loader for the x86 flavour of Linux. This describes some typical Lilo installations. Intended as a supplement to the Lilo User's Guide.

  • Linux+NT-Loader, NT OS Loader + Linux mini-HOWTO

    Updated: September 1997. Describes the use of the Windows NT boot loader to start Linux. This procedures have been tested with Windows NT 4.0 WS and Linux 2.0.

  • Loadlin+Win95-98-ME, The Loadlin+Win95/98/ME mini-HOWTO

    Updated: February 2001. Describes how to use Loadlin with Windows 95/98/ME to boot to Linux.

  • MILO-HOWTO, Alpha Miniloader HOWTO

    Updated: November 2000. Describes the Alpha Linux Miniloader (also known as MILO), a program for Alpha-based systems that can be used to initialize the machine and load Linux.

  • Multiboot-with-GRUB, Multiboot with GRUB Mini-HOWTO

    Updated: January 2001. How to install Windows 98, Windows 2000, DOS and Linux using GRUB.

  • Multiboot-with-LILO, Win95 + WinNT + Linux multiboot using LILO mini-HOWTO

    Updated: March 1998. How to multiboot between Windows 95, Windows NT, and Linux.

  • SRM-HOWTO, SRM Firmware HOWTO

    Updated: November 2000. Describes how to boot Linux/Alpha using the SRM console, which is the console firmware also used to boot Compaq Tru64 Unix (also known as Digital Unix and OSF/1) and OpenVMS.

4.1.7. Parallel Processing

  • Parallel-Processing-HOWTO, Linux Parallel Processing HOWTO

    Updated: January 1998. Discusses the four basic approaches to parallel processing that are available to Linux users: SMP Linux systems, clusters of networked Linux systems, parallel execution using multimedia instructions (i.e., MMX), and attached (parallel) processors hosted by a Linux system.

  • SMP-HOWTO, Linux SMP HOWTO

    Updated: October 2000. Reviews main issues related to SMP configuration under Linux.

4.1.8. Partitions and Filesystems

  • Filesystems-HOWTO, Filesystems HOWTO

    Updated: August 2000. About filesystems and accessing filesystems.

  • Ext2fs-Undeletion, Linux Ext2fs Undeletion mini-HOWTO

    Updated: February 1999. Presents a discussion of how to retrieve deleted files from a Second Extended File System.

  • Ext2fs-Undeletion-Dir-Struct, Ext2fs Undeletion of Directory Structures

    Updated: November 2000. Describes a straight forward way of recovering whole directory structures, instead of file by file, that have been removed by a misplaced rm -rf

  • Loopback-Encrypted-Filesystem-HOWTO, Loopback Encrypted Filesystem HOWTO

    Updated: November 1999. Explains how to setup and then use a filesystem that, when mounted by a user, dynamically and transparently encrypts its contents.

  • Loopback-Root-FS, The Loopback Root Filesystem HOWTO

    Updated: September 1999. How to use the Linux loopback device to create a Linux native filesystem format installation that can be run from a DOS partition without re-partitioning.

  • LVM-HOWTO, Logical Volume Manager HOWTO

    Updated: May 2000. A very hands-on HOWTO for Linux LVM.

  • NFS-Root, NFS-Root mini-HOWTO

    Updated: August 1997. How to setup a ``disc-less'' Linux workstation, which mounts it's root filesystems via NFS.

  • NFS-Root-Client-mini-HOWTO, NFS-Root-Client Mini-HOWTO

    Updated: February 1999. How to create client root directories on a server that is using NFS Root mounted clients.

  • Partition, Linux Partition HOWTO

    Updated: March 2001. Teaches you how to plan and layout disk space for your Linux system.

  • Partition-Rescue, Partition Rescue mini HOWTO

    Updated: June 2001. Describes how to rescue your Linux partition if it has been deleted.

  • Swap-Space, Linux Swap Space Mini-HOWTO

    Updated: December 1999. How to share your Linux swap partition with Windows.

  • UMSDOS-HOWTO, UMSDOS HOWTO

    Updated: November 1995. Explains how to use Umsdos (a linux file system) in different configurations, and its operation.

4.1.9. RAID

  • Antares-RAID-sparcLinux-HOWTO, Antares-RAID-sparcLinux-HOWTO

    Updated: April 2000. Describes how to install, configure, and maintain a hardware RAID built around the 5070 SBUS host based RAID controller by Antares Microsystems.

  • Boot+Root+Raid+LILO, Boot + Root + Raid + Lilo : Software Raid mini-HOWTO

    Updated: July 2000. A cookbook for setting up root raid using the 0.90 raidtools for bootable raid mounted on root using standard LILO.

  • DPT-Hardware-RAID, Linux DPT Hardware RAID mini-HOWTO

    Updated: February 2001. How to set up hardware RAID under Linux.

  • Root-RAID-HOWTO, Root RAID HOWTO cookbook

    Updated: July 2000. This document only applies to the OLD raidtools, versions 0.50 and under. The workarounds and solutions addressed in this HOWTO have largely been made obsolete by the vast improvment in the 0.90 raidtools and accompanying kernel patch to the 2.0.37, 2.2x and 2.3x series kernels. You may find the detailed descriptions useful, particularly if you plan to run root raid or use initrd.

    original description: A cookbook for creating a root mounted raid filesystem and companion fallback rescue system using linux initrd. Step-by-step instructions for both raid1 and raid5 md0 devices.

  • Software-RAID-HOWTO, Software-RAID HOWTO

    Updated: January 2000 (latest version). How to use Software RAID under Linux. It addresses a specific version of the Software RAID layer, namely the 0.90 RAID layer made by Ingo Molnar and others. This is the RAID layer that will be standard in Linux-2.4, and it is the version that is also used by Linux-2.2 kernels shipped from some vendors. The 0.90 RAID support is available as patches to Linux-2.0 and Linux-2.2, and is by many considered far more stable that the older RAID support already in those kernels.

  • Software-RAID-0.4x-HOWTO, Software-RAID HOWTO (earlier implementation)

    Updated: November 1998. How to use Software RAID under Linux. RAID stands for "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks". For users of the Linux MD kernel extension, the associated tools, and their use. This HOWTO addresses an earlier implementation.

4.1.10. Printing

  • Printing-HOWTO, The Linux Printing HOWTO

    Updated: September 2000. A collection of information on how to generate, preview, print and fax anything under Linux (and other Unices in general).

  • Printing-Usage-HOWTO, The Linux Printing Usage HOWTO

    Updated: February 1998. How to use the print system under Linux.

4.1.11. Shell

  • Adv-Bash-Scr-HOWTO, Advanced Bash-Scripting HOWTO

    Updated: February 2001. A guide to shell scripting, using Bash.

  • Bash-Prompt-HOWTO, Bash Prompt HOWTO

    Updated: December 1999. Creating and controlling terminal and xterm prompts is discussed, including incorporating standard escape sequences to give username, current working directory, time, etc.

  • Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO, BASH Programming - Introduction HOWTO

    Updated: July 2000. This article intends to help you to start programming basic-to-intermediate shell scripts.

4.1.12. Using Linux

  • RPM-HOWTO, RPM HOWTO - RPM at Idle

    Updated: November 1999. RPM is the RPM Package Manager. It is an open packaging system available for anyone to use. It allows users to take source code for new software and package it into source and binary form such that binaries can be easily installed and tracked and source can be rebuilt easily. It also maintains a database of all packages and their files that can be used for verifying packages and querying for information about files and/or packages.

  • RPM+Slackware, RPM+Slackware Mini-Howto

    Updated: April 1998. How to get RPM installed and working properly under Slackware.

  • Software-Building-HOWTO, Building and Installing Software Packages for Linux

    Updated: July 1999. A comprehensive guide to building and installing "generic" UNIX software distributions under Linux.

  • Tips-HOWTO, The Linux Tips HOWTO

    Updated: June 1998. Contains those hard to find hints and tweekings that make Linux a bit nicer.